Biotechnology Timeline: Important Events And Discoveries In Biotechnology

1977:

The biotechnology era came with "somatostatin" - the growth factor of human growth hormone, the first human protein produced in bacteria by Genentech, Inc. Synthetic, synthetic genes are used to clone proteins for the first time.

1978:

Genentech, Inc. and the Hope City National Medical Center announced the successful production of human insulin labs using recombinant DNA technology. Hutchinson and Edgell have shown specific mutations at specific sites in DNA molecules.

1979:

Sir Walter Bodmer proposes how to use DNA technology to find gene markers to show specific genetic diseases and their carriers. John Baxter reports gene cloning for human growth hormone.

1980:

The prokaryotic model, E. coli, is used to produce insulin and other drugs, in human form. Researchers have successfully introduced the human gene - one that encodes the interferon protein - into bacteria. U.S. Patents for gene cloning was awarded to Cohen and Boyer.

1981:

Scientists at Ohio University produced the first transgenic animal by transferring genes from other animals to mice. The first gene synthesis engine was developed. Chinese scientists have successfully cloned goldfish.

1982:

Genentech, Inc. received approval from the Food and Drug Administration to market genetically engineered human insulin. Applied Biosystems, Inc. introduced the first commercial gas phase protein sequencer.

1983:

The polymerase chain reaction was created by Kary B Mullis. The first artificial chromosome was synthesized, and the first genetic marker for a specific genetic disease was discovered.

1984:

Chiron Corp announced the first cloning and sequencing of the entire human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) genome. Alec Jeffreys introduced a technique for DNA fingerprinting to identify individuals. The first genetic engineering vaccine was developed.

1985:

Cetus Corporation has developed GeneAmp polymer chain reaction (PCR) technology, which can produce billions of copies of targeted gene sequences in hours. Scientists are looking for a gene marker for cystic fibrosis on chromosome number 7.

1986:

The first human genetic engineering vaccine - Chiron's Recombivax HB - was approved for the prevention of hepatitis B. The regimens of scientists and technicians at Caltech and Applied Biosystems, Inc. created an automatic DNA fluorescence sequencer.

1987:

The first external test of genetically engineered bacteria was allowed. It prevents frost formation in plants. Genentech tissue plasminogen activation (tPA), sold as Activase, has been approved as a treatment for heart attack.

1988:

Harvard molecular geneticists Philip Leder and Timothy Stewart have awarded the first patent for genetically modified animals, mice that are particularly vulnerable to breast cancer

1989:

UC Davis scientists develop recombinant vaccine against lethal rinderpest virus. The human genome project was established, a collaboration between scientists from countries around the world to solve the entire human genetic code.

1990:

The first gene therapy occurs, in a four-year-old girl with a disruption of the immune system called ADA deficiency. The human genome project was officially launched.

1991:

Mary-Claire King, from the University of California, Berkeley, found evidence that genes on chromosome 17 cause inherited breast cancer and also increase the risk of ovarian cancer. The first transgenic lamb Tracey was born.

1992:

The first liver xenotransplantation of one animal to another is performed successfully. Chiron's Proleukin is approved for the treatment of renal cell cancer.

1993:

The FDA declares that genetic engineering foods are "not necessarily harmful" and do not require special regulations. Chiron Betionon is approved as the first treatment for multiple sclerosis in 20 years.

1994:

The first genetic engineering food product, Flavr Savr tomato, has been FDA approved. The first breast cancer gene was discovered. Genentech Nutrition is approved for the treatment of growth hormone deficiency.

1995:

Researchers at Duke University Medical Center have moved hearts from genetically modified pigs into pigs, proving that cross-species operations are possible. The Haemophilus influenzae bacterium is the first living organism in the world to have a whole genome sequence.

1996:

Avonex Biogen is approved for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. The discovery of genes related to Parkinson's disease provides important new avenues for research into the causes and potential of treating neurological diseases.

1997:

Researchers at the Roslin Institute of Scotland report that they have cloned a sheep - named Dolly - from an adult ewe. The FDA has approved Rituxan, the first antibody therapy for cancer.

1998:

The first complete animal genome of the C.elegans worm was compiled. James Thomson in Wisconsin and John Gearhart in Baltimore each developed techniques for studying embryonic stem cells.

1999:

New medical diagnostics tests for the first time allow rapid identification of BSE / CJD as a rare neurological disease but are transmitted from cattle to humans.

2000:

"Golden Rice," modified to make vitamin A. The cloned pig was born for the first time in the work of Alan Coleman and his team at PPL, an Edinburgh-based company responsible for Dolly sheep.

2001:

The human genome sequence is published in Science and Nature, enabling researchers around the world to begin developing genetic based treatments for diseases.

2002:

Researchers compiled the rice DNA, and it was the first plant to have the genome code.

2003:

Human genome sequencing is complete.

Biotechnology Timeline: Important Events And Discoveries In Biotechnology


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